Esta energía puede ser almacenada en baterías para su posterior uso, vendida a la compañía eléctrica por un precio mayor al de compra o consumida directamente (bombeo, riego, señalización, etc.)
From birth, we have always seen the sun shining in the sky, it has been there five thousand million years, and it is thought not to have reached even the halfway point of its existence. We have made use of it when we needed it.
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contact usEsta energía puede ser almacenada en baterías para su posterior uso, vendida a la compañía eléctrica por un precio mayor al de compra o consumida directamente (bombeo, riego, señalización, etc.)
The Buildings Technical Code (CTE) is an ambitious and detailed set of regulations for the quality of construction of buildings. A very interesting innovation is that it includes for the first time minimum ER contributions for the supply of hot water and electricity. This is what the CTE says:
Minimum solar contribution to sanitary hot water
In buildings, with provision of demand for sanitary hot water or heating for covered pools, a part of the thermal energy requirements derived from this demand will be covered via the incorporation of collectors, storage and use of low temperature solar energy, appropriate to the global solar radiation on the location and to the hot water the demand of the building. The value derived from this requirement will be considered minimum, without prejudice to the value which may be established by competent bodies and which contributes to sustainability, bearing in mind the characteristics of the location and local environment.
Minimum photovoltaic contribution to electrical energy
In buildings established in accordance with the CTE, systems for solar energy capture and transformation into electrical energy via photovoltaic procedures will be incorporated, for own use or network supply. The value derived from this basic requirement will be considered minimum, without prejudice to the value which may be established by competent bodies and which contributes to sustainability, bearing in mind the characteristics of the location and local environment.
In practice, the CTE guides photovoltaic installations in special use buildings.
Consequences of the implementation of CTE: Image
According to the Housing Ministry, the implementation of the ER system and other measure for reduction on energy consumption included by the CTE pre-suppose an energy saving per building of between 30% and 40%, and a reduction in CO2 emissions of between 40% and 55%.
According to the experts, the increase in the cost of homes due to the installing of ER systems will be between 3% and 1%, which is perfectly acceptable.
The cost will logically be more significant in individual houses whereas in collective houses it would be barely noticeable.
Consiste en la conversión directa de la luz solar en electricidad, mediante un dispositivo electrónico denominado
“célula solar”.
La conversión de la energía de la luz solar en energía eléctrica es un fenómeno físico conocido como efecto fotovoltaico.
Presenta características peculiares entre las que se destacan:
- Elevada calidad energética.
- Pequeño o nulo impacto ecológico.
- Inagotable a escala humana.
La radiación solar es captada en los paneles fotovoltaicos generando energía léctrica (efecto fotovoltaico) en forma de corriente continua. En las instalaciones onectadas a red esta energía es trasformada en corriente alterna mediante un quipo denominado inversor, y vertida a la red eléctrica de distribución en el punto de conexión (normalmente la acometida existente).
La energía solar fotovoltaica permite un gran número de aplicaciones, ya que puede suministrar energía en
emplazamientos aislados de la red (viviendas aisladas, faros, postes SOS, bombeos, repetidores de telecomunicaciones, etc), o mediante instalaciones conectadas a la red eléctrica, que pueden ser de pequeño tamaño (instalación en vivienda individual) o centrales de gran tamaño (existen proyectos en ejecución en España de hasta 20 MW de potencia).
Contribuye eficazmente a la reducción de emisiones de CO2:
Se verá más claramente con un ejemplo:
• Instalación en vivienda unifamiliar.
• Vida útil 25 años.
• Instalación tipo:
• Potencia generador 4,0 kWp.
• Potencia nominal 3,5 kW.
• Régimen de funcionamiento: 1.250 h/año a potencia nominal.
• Generación eléctrica: 5.000 kWh/año.
• Precio de venta de electricidad: 0,455134 €/kWh (En febrero 2008).
• Inversión 25.200 € (6.300 €/kWp)
• Recursos propios 100 %
• Ingresos anuales (1er año): 2.275 € (Evolución prevista 2,5 %)
• Gastos de operación y Mnto. (1er año): 240 € (Evolución prevista 3,0 %)
• Desgravación fiscal: 6 %
• TIR a 25 años (%): 7,45 %
•Se evita la emisión de 1,9 tCO2 al año.
•Emisiones evitadas en vida útil: 47,5 tCO2. (Comparación con generación con gas natural)
• Instalación en agrupación con seguimiento solar en un eje.
• Vida útil 25 años.
• Instalación tipo:
• Potencia generador 5,8 kWp.
• Potencia nominal 5,0 kW.
• Régimen de funcionamiento: 1.650 h.
• Generación eléctrica neta: 9.570 kWh/año.
• Precio de venta de electricidad: 0,455134 €/kWh (febrero 2008).
• Inversión 42.340 € (7.300 €/kWp)
• Recursos propios 100 %
• Ingresos anuales (1er año): 4.356 € (Evolución prevista 2,5 %)
• Gastos de operación y Mnto. (1er año): 240 € (Evolución prevista 3,0 %)
• Desgravación fiscal: 6 %
• TIR a 25 años (%): 9,07 %
• Se evita la emisión de 3,74 tCO2 al año.
• Emisiones evitadas en la vida útil: 93,5 tCO2. (Comparación con generación con gas natural)
• Instalación fija en suelo o cubierta.
• Vida útil 25 años.
• Instalación tipo:
• Potencia generador 115 kWp.
• Potencia nominal 100 kW.
• Régimen de funcionamiento: 1.250 h.
• Generación eléctrica neta: 143.750 kWh/año.
• Precio de venta de electricidad: 0,455134 €/kWh (febrero 2008).
• Inversión 756.000 € (5.900 €/kWp)
• Recursos propios 100 %
• Ingresos anuales (1er año): 65.426 € (Evolución prevista 2,5 %)
• Gastos de operación y Mnto. (1er año): 1.982 € (Evolución prevista 3,0 %)
• Desgravación fiscal: 6 %
• TIR a 25 años (%): 8,67 %
• Se evita la emisión de 55,8 tCO2 al año.
• Emisiones evitadas en la vida útil: 1.395 tCO2. (Comparación con generación con gas natural)
Resumen
| RESUMEN DE EJEMPLO |
P=4,0 kWp FIJA |
P=5,8 kWp SEGUIM. |
P=115,0 kWp SEGUIM. |
| Potencia GENERADOR (kWp) | 4,0 | 5,8 | 115,0 |
| Potencia NOMINAL (kW) | 3,5 | 5,0 | 100,0 |
| Vida útil (años) | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Régimen de funcionamiento (h) |
1.250 | 1.650 | 1.250 |
| Generación eléctrica neta (kWh) | 5.000 | 9.570 | 143.750 |
| Precio de venta de electricidad (€/kWh) |
0,455134 | 0,455134 | 0,455134 |
| Inversión (€) 100% Recursos propios |
25.200 | 42.340 | 678.500 |
| Ingresos anuales (1er año) (€) | 2.275 | 4.642 | 68.270 |
| Gastos operación y Mnto (1er año) (€) | 40 |
238 |
1.982 |
| Tasa Interna de Retorno (25 años) | 7,45% | 9,07% | 8,67% |
| Toneladas de CO2/año evitadas | 1,9 | 3,7 | 55,8 |
| Toneladas de CO2 evitadas (25 años) | 47,5 | 93,5 | 1.395,0 |
| POTENCIA |
TARIFA REGULADA (2008) |
| • P<100 kW; | 0,455134 €/kWh los primeros 25 años |
| 0,364107 €/kWh a partir de entonces | |
| • 100 kW<P<10 MW; | 0,431486 €/kWh los primeros 25 años |
| 0,345189 €/kWh a partir de entonces | |
| • P>10 MW; | 0,237461 €/kWh los primeros 25 años |
| 0,189969 €/kWh a partir de entonces |
It can be used in a direct manner, for own use (lighting, electrical appliances, etc) or you can connect to the general network to sell it to the electricity company.
In this way, an economic benefit is produced in favour of the individual or company due to the fact that the sale price of the electricity generated is substantially superior to the purchase price from the company.
Both applications can be obtained via solar energy but they are both two different technologies composed of very different elements.
The obtaining of both applications requires two independent installations with their corresponding elements (different solar collectors, accumulators, circuits, materials, etc.)
This depends on the subsidies which exist in your Autonomous Community.
Normally, subsidies tend to vary between 20 and 40% of the total cost.
A well-designed installation should guarantee a saving on fuel – gas, diesel oil or electricity – and therefore also an economic saving, between 30-40% per year for heating and between 90% and 95% for ACS.
Yes, In addition, if the pool is uncovered, according to regulations you can only heat it via solar energy. There are two possibilities:
Annual heating: If your pool is covered and you want to use it the whole year round
Extending the bathing season: if you want to start swimming one or two months beforehand and continue to do so one or two months afterwards.
Yes, it is cost effective. The installation of solar energy is always cost effective.
The greater or lesser cost effectiveness of the installation will depend, fundamentally, on the subsidies which exist in your community, but even without subsidies, the installation remains cost effective.
Depende de algunos factores, pero para una instalación doméstica podríamos hablar de unos costes de aproximados de 80eur por metro cuadrado de la vivienda.
No está permitido el calentamiento del vaso de piscina exterior mediante energías como gasoil, gas natural o gas propano. Únicamente con energía solar.
No. There are times when the solar energy will not be sufficient to cover heating and sanitary hot water requirements and for these times, you must be able to rely on a conventional system which guarantees comfort.
The best heating system from all points of view is under floor heating. It is the most comfortable and has least consumption.
In addition, it is the best system for the use of solar energy.
There are different factors which determine the period of amortization for an installation: the correct assessment of the requirements, the optimization of the system, correct installation and quality of materials and, principally its use (the more use is made of it, the sooner it is amortized).
To give an idea, we can say that the thermal installations are amortized approximately after 4-6 years, depending on the use made of them. At the same time, the photovoltaic installations are amortized from 7-9 years.
Subsidies and income generated from the sale of electricity to the electricity company make possible the amortization of photovoltaic installations in the medium term.
Amongst the factors which bear influence at the time of estimating the cost of an installation are to be found desired architectonic integration, accessibility, characteristics of the home, etc…
In the case of thermal solar systems, the installations have a life span of over 20 years.
In the case of photovoltaic installations, the life span is estimated to be around 30 years.
Equipment installed 20 years ago remains functioning today although with at a lower performance level. This data is significant due to the fact that equipment has significantly improved during this time. The correct use and maintenance of the equipment makes possible greater durability of same.
The ideal system is under floor heating, as it works on systems in the order of 45º. The hot water produced by the sun circulates directly at the same temperature through the ducts located in the floor.
In the case of heating via radiators, the water heated by the sun (to 45º-50º) must be increased to 60-70º by the conventional system in order to circulate through the radiators at the optimal temperature. In either way, the energy saving produced by the solar energy is significant.
Long periods of adverse weather and high cost of elevated volume accumulation systems, make impossible the complete independence for the user, but in this case, gas and electricity will be used as a support to the solar system and therefore the bills for electricity, gas, etc. will be considerably reduced.
The solar collectors do not only collect rays from the sunshine on clear days; diffuse radiation on cloudy days is also made use of (but at a lower performance level than in favourable circumstances).
During periods of adverse climate, the accumulator takes charge of maintaining the water at a constant temperature without producing scarcely any loss of temperature.
However, in the case of long periods of adverse climate conditions, a thermostat indicates the temperature differential and makes the conventional system provide the optimal temperature for consumer water.
In the case of thermal solar energy, the more sunshine there is, the more hot water is achieved. For photovoltaic solar installations, not always does higher temperature signify better performance.
Long periods of adverse weather and high cost of elevated volume accumulation systems, make impossible the complete independence for the user, but in this case, gas and electricity will be used as a support to the solar system and therefore the bills for electricity, gas, etc. will be considerably reduced.
Due to the change in position of the sun throughout the year, the ideal inclination for the collectors varies depending on the latitude in which we find ourselves (41º).
Normally 45º south in thermal and 30º south in photovoltaic is used, but the inclination may vary depending on the application, criteria of use and architectonic integration, to +/- 10º.
It will be obligatory for all new build homes or for those rehabilitated.
A thermal solar installation can be used to support the heating, if the system used is of a low temperature, such as under floor heating for example.
Although the cost effectiveness in these cases would be greater if the installation is used in the summer season to heat a pool.
No, solar equipment for heating water must be supported by conventional equipment for those days on which solar radiation is not sufficient.
Anyone, whether individual or company, can install a solar system with which to reduce the energy costs produced by conventional systems (electricity, natural gas, diesel oil, butane, etc.)